Mobile networks: features and generations
Mobile networks enable wireless communication for calls, data, and internet through technologies like 1G to 5G, with advancements in speed, coverage, and reliability. Key elements include signal strength, roaming, latency, and infrastructure.
Mobile telephony has transformed the way we communicate, work, and access information. Whether for a quick text or streaming high-definition videos, mobile networks power the connectivity we rely on daily. From understanding network coverage to being informed of the latest 5G technology, knowing the fundamentals of mobile networks ensures you make informed decisions.
In this guide, we’ll explore the key aspects of mobile phone networks and their evolution. From technical terms like “network latency” to distinctions between mobile generations like 4G and 5G, this comprehensive resource covers it all. Let’s dive in.
What is a mobile network?
A mobile network, also known as a cellular network or mobile phone network, enables wireless communication between many end users across vast distances by transmitting signals using radio waves. Mobile phone networks consist of base stations that each cover a delimited area or “cell”. When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers, such as mobile phones, to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
What is mobile coverage?
Mobile coverage refers to the geographical area where a mobile network provider offers signal availability. Coverage maps are often provided by companies to show where users can expect consistent service. Strong coverage ensures uninterrupted voice calls and reliable internet access.
What is network signal strength?
Signal strength measures the quality of the connection between your mobile device and the nearest cell tower. Indicators like signal bars on your phone provide a quick overview of this. Strong signal strength results in better call quality and faster data speeds.
What is data roaming?
Data roaming occurs when your mobile device connects to a network other than your home provider, typically when travelling internationally. It ensures connectivity but often comes with additional costs. Many providers offer roaming packages to help users manage expenses.
What is network speed?
Network speed refers to the rate at which data is transmitted to and from a device. Measured in Mbps (megabits per second), it impacts how quickly you can browse the web, download files, or stream content.
What is network latency?
Latency is the delay in data transfer within a network. Low latency is crucial for activities like gaming or video calls, where real-time interaction is essential.
What is error rate?
Error rate refers to the percentage of data packets lost or corrupted during transmission. A lower error rate ensures a smoother experience, especially for high-bandwidth applications.
What is range?
Range defines the maximum distance at which a device can remain connected to a network. Factors like physical obstructions and network infrastructure can affect this.
What is network congestion?
Network congestion happens when too many devices attempt to use the same network resources simultaneously, leading to slower speeds and dropped connections. It is common in densely populated areas or during events.
What are network outages?
Network outages occur when service is temporarily unavailable due to technical issues, maintenance, or natural disasters. Providers often update users about expected restoration times.
What is network reliability?
Reliability measures the consistency of a mobile network’s performance. Reliable networks minimise outages and maintain stable connections.
What is network security?
Network security includes measures to protect data from unauthorised access or cyberattacks. Encryption and firewalls are common security features.
What is network infrastructure?
The infrastructure of a mobile network consists of components like cell towers, base stations, antennas, and a core network that work together to enable connectivity.
Is a mobile network a wireless network?
Yes, a mobile network is a type of wireless network that uses radio frequencies for communication. While “wireless network” is a broader term, all mobile networks are inherently wireless.
Mobile phone network generations
The evolution of mobile networks, known as generations, represents significant technological advancements in connectivity, speed, and functionality. Below is an overview of these milestones:
| Generation | Standards | Benefits | Year of Commercial Implementation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1G | Analogue | Basic voice communication | 1980s |
| 2G | GSM | Text messaging, improved call quality | 1990s |
| 3G | UMTS | Mobile internet access, video calls | 2000s |
| 4G | LTE | High-speed internet, streaming services | 2010s |
| 5G | 5G NR | Ultra-fast speeds, IoT connectivity | 2020s |
What is 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G technology?
These terms refer to different generations of mobile networks, each offering improvements in speed, reliability, and features. While 1G focused solely on voice, 5G enables innovations like smart cities and autonomous vehicles.
What are the differences between 4G and 5G?
4G prioritises fast data speeds for mobile applications, whereas 5G introduces significantly lower latency and supports massive IoT device networks.
What is the difference between generations of mobile networks?
Each generation builds upon its predecessor, introducing new standards that enhance speed, reliability, and functionality. The “G” in 5G, for example, stands for “generation”.
What is LTE?
LTE, or Long-Term Evolution, is a standard for 4G networks that provides high-speed internet access and seamless multimedia streaming.
What is VoLTE?
VoLTE stands for Voice over LTE, enabling high-definition voice calls over 4G networks instead of traditional circuit-switched networks.
What is 5G NR?
5G NR (New Radio) is the global standard for a faster and more efficient 5G network.
Mobile networks in the UK
The UK offers a robust mobile telephony system supported by leading providers like EE, Vodafone, O2, and Three. Each network excels in specific areas, making it essential to research the best mobile phone networks in the UK before choosing a plan. Factors like coverage, speed, and cost vary across providers, so assessing your needs is crucial.
FAQ
Should the mobile network be on or off?
On. If you disable it you’ll be unable to connect to the mobile phone network.
How do I check which network is on?
You can check your active network under the settings menu of your mobile device, usually listed under “Mobile Networks” or “Cellular Data”.
What does it mean “mobile network not available”?
This error indicates that your device cannot connect to a network due to issues like poor coverage, SIM card problems, or network outages.
What is WiFi calling?
WiFi calling, also known as VoWiFi (Voice over WiFi), enables users to make and receive phone calls and send text messages over a WiFi network instead of relying on a mobile network. This feature is particularly beneficial in areas with poor mobile signal coverage but strong WiFi connectivity, allowing for uninterrupted communication.
In the UK, mobile network providers offer WiFi calling as part of their service plans. Compatible smartphones and an active subscription with a participating network are typically required to use this feature. WiFi calling automatically switches between WiFi and the mobile network, ensuring a seamless experience for users.
By utilising existing WiFi connections, WiFi calling supports clearer audio quality and extends network reach, especially indoors or in remote locations.
What are USSD codes?
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), also known as feature access code or quick code, is a communication protocol used by mobile networks in the UK to send text-based instructions between a mobile device and a network’s application servers. This system operates in real time and is commonly employed for accessing network services, such as checking account balances, managing prepaid credit, or activating specific network features.
USSD works by dialling a code that typically begins with an asterisk (*) or hash (#), followed by numbers and symbols, and then pressing the call button. Unlike SMS, it does not store messages but instead establishes a session that remains active until the user or system ends it.
Final thoughts
Mobile networks are the backbone of modern connectivity, enabling everything from simple calls to cutting-edge IoT applications. Understanding terms like “network signal strength” and “data roaming” helps you make the most of your mobile experience.